The Role of the Institutional Review Board and the...

Several historical events played a vital role in what has evolved to how we conduct research today and just as important, how the participants of such research are shielded and protected against the consequences that may be experienced as a result of these studies. We live in a world that is continuously changing and as we move forward, it is past experiences that influence how things are done in the present, and what may become in the future. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) exists to protect research subjects and ensure their rights are safeguarded and protected. This paper will discuss the role of the IRB and the protection of human subjects, the dilemma of societal advancements versus its cost on human subjects and the role of leadership in the IRB. The Role of the IRB and the Protection of Human Subjects The IRB’s role is to protect human subjects and to hold researchers accountable for the way in which information is collected and utilized for research (Sontag, 2012). Research must undergo a formal review process, which for many researchers may appear to be onerous but necessary (Kennedy, 2005). What some scholars argue is the fact that IRB approval is still required for research on adults who are fully competent and willing to participate in the research. They suggest that it becomes burdensome on the researchers. Furthermore, they argue that if exempted from the review process, it may also free up time for the review board to be able to focus on research thatShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The Clinical Trials1584 Words   |  7 Pagesclinical trial subjects. Therefore, the Nuremberg Code was initiated in the year of 1949. However, this Code failed to protect the human subjects in clinical trials. Tuskegee syphilis trial was one of the few incidents that were exposed in front of the entire country. The regulatory agencies and the government then realized that there should be better regulations to protect the human subjects in the clinical trials. A series of codes and regulations were established to protect the subjects in the clinicalRead MoreIn Order To Ensure All Research Is Meeting Ethical Standards1529 Words   |  7 Pagesprotocol, an Internal Review Board (IRB) shall be established to monitor, review, and approve protocols for research studies. â€Å"Institutional review boards are charged with ensuring appropriate respect for research participants and ensuring that the risks participants face are justified† (Dorenberg,2016). The ethical guidelines involving human participants will follow the protocol established in the Belmont Report and comply with the Terms of Assurance for Protection of Human Subjects for Research InstitutionsRead MoreApplication Of Individual Voluntary Consent853 Words   |  4 Pagesformal education, lack of access to good quality health care services, and in some circumstances, diverse values, knowledges of health and illness. HIV research in developing countries has caused in amplified arguments of ethical concerns, mainly the subject of the quality of informed consent. The ethical dilemmas in the standards of informed consent applied by research institutions and pharmaceutical companies of HIV clinical trials in developing countries will be discussed. 2. Vulnerability and InformedRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Effects On Society1393 Words   |  6 Pagesanimal studies are necessary compared to clinical trials has been a debatable topic among society. For over a decade, animal research has served as a fundamental component in many medical findings. Mousses are commonly used in laboratories, as we as humans share nearly 95% of our genes, making them a useful and efficient model for the assistance of discovering medications used today (Grant, 2017). Bench studies should continue to be practiced by researchers as long as it is followed out in a humaneRead More10 Principles Regaarding Ethical Clinic and Set of Guidelines on Clinical Research1071 Words   |  5 Pagesprinciples regarding ethical clinical research on human being (Grodin, 1994). It is mainly for protection of subjects’ human right (Shuster, 1997), such as compulsory of informed consent and the equal authority of subjects as the physician-researcher to end the e xperiment. 1.2 Helsinki Declaration (1964) Helsinki Declaration is a set of guidelines on clinical research for physician as their responsibility toward protection of their research subjects (Williams, 2008). World Medical Association (WMA)Read MoreEthical Consideration For Human Subjects1047 Words   |  5 Pagesethical consideration for human participants has been called into question. Between 1920-1970 many ethical guidelines were put into place to ensure researchers were conducting experiments safety, ethically, and fairly. Out of all the experiments that took place within this time frame, a few stand out. These cases were groundbreaking for ethical treatment within the scope of research done on human subjects. The turning point for ethical consideration for human subjects came in 1947. After the horrificRead MoreEssay about Ethical Standards in Research2843 Words   |  12 PagesNot only are the participants or the researcher considered, but other parties that may be indirectly involved should be considered as well. The third ethical concept is respect for persons (Lindorff, 2010). This concept requests for respect and protection towards individuals’ rights. Obtaining consent from participants requires researchers to respect individuals and provide the participants with all the facts so that their consent is willing and voluntary. This practice is particularly hard toRead MoreResearch and Healthcare Statistics1353 Words   |  6 Pages A research study could be in one of three different phases. Phase I test the effects and dosage of a new drug on patients. This phase requires a smaller number of participants usually fewer than 100. This phase studies effects of therapy on humans and determines if a drug is safe enough to continue research. Phase II test determines effectiveness of treatment by studying how it affects specific a specific condition. Phase II may be a blinded study where some participants receive the drugRead MoreThe Belmont Report8852 Words   |  36 PagesCongress established the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research in 1974. The National Commission was charged with: †¢ Identifying the ethical principles to guide all research involving human subjects †¢ Developing guidelines for the conduct of ethical research involving human subjects The Belmont Report identified three principles essential to the ethical conduct of research with humans: †¢ Respect for persons †¢ Beneficence †¢ Justice Read MoreI Am Preparing My Career Path For Higher Education793 Words   |  4 Pagesfor higher education in the future, I have come to the realization that higher learning is the key to better tomorrow and leaders are not born, they are made. Leaders are people who truly understand themselves and recognize the various elements of human nature. Communication is the most indicative trait of an effective leader because if a leader can empower followers to comprehend precisely the message, production and success are the results. I also learned that by taking these courses on higher

The Ethics Of An Ethical Leader - 1251 Words

As a child growing up I was taught how to differentiate between right and wrong. Those teaching have been the basis for how I conduct myself in my personal and professional life. I believe every person should be able to look at him or herself in the mirror and see an honest, ethical person looking back at them. At the end of the day, my philosophy on ethics is simply Integrity is doing the right thing, even if nobody is watching. By Jim Stovall, American author. What does it mean to be an ethical leader? As I reflect back on the teachings and readings in this course I have learned that as an ethical leader it is important to focus on what is right and to lead with integrity. Ethical leaders realize it begins with them and that they must project the values and they look to promote in others. An ethical leader honors commitments and expects the same from others. Maintains loyalty and willing to accept responsibility and apologize when necessary. (Russell) As an ethical leader, it is important to be relatable and establish trust by remaining consistent in all that they say and do. Demonstrate transparency by communicating in a timely manner. Have an understanding of the organizational culture while making sure everyone is treated with dignity and respect regardless of their backgrounds. Making sure the organization is in compliance and following the company’s code of ethics. Lastly, making clear to those they lead that ethics is a d ay-to-day business and the way thatShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of An Ethical Leader822 Words   |  4 PagesThe study of ethics is fundamental to leadership effectiveness. Human relationships, our being, and roles in society influence morality by right and wrong, good and evil, or just and unjust actions. As a human relationship, leadership hallmarks power, influence, vision, obligation, and responsibility (Ciulla, 2003). These attributes can undermine or contribute to the success of the ethical and effective leader in education. Power is defined as the capability or ability to direct or influenceRead MoreThe Five Business Ethics Myths Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesCommon Ethics Misconceptions Trevino Brown (2004) in Academy of Management Executives talked about the five business ethics myths. 1. It is easy to be ethical 2. Unethical behavior in business results from bad people 3. A formal code of ethics is the easiest way to manage them 4. Principled leadership revolves around your leaders 5. At one time, people appeared to be more ethical Pundits and business leaders say being ethical is straightforward when being ethical is complexRead MoreValues That Make An Ethical Business Leader972 Words   |  4 PagesThat Make an Ethical Business Leader Values and ethics are essential for any good business leader, but what exactly does it mean to have good values and ethics? Both are extremely broad terms, however they both are very relevant in business leaders. â€Å"Values can be defined as things that are important to or valued by someone. That someone can be an individual or an organization. Values determine what is right and what is wrong, and doing what is right or wrong is what defines ethics. To behave ethicallyRead MoreAnalysis of Leadership Ethics, by Lamar Odom 1176 Words   |  5 Pages Leadership ethics by Lamar Odom that basically examines whether doing the right thing is enough in leadership. The author examines this issue given that the behavior of leaders has been one of the most intriguing issues in today’s society and in order to provide insights on ethics in leadership. The title of the book provokes deeper thoughts in the minds of leaders even before they open the book to commence reading. The author of this book is a leadership and ethic consultant who has not onlyRead MoreThe Leader s Ethical Values Influence Leadership Style Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscovered that ethics and leadership style are correlated? The leaders come from various industries for instance, public, private, government, and non-profit/for-profit. The leader’s ethical values influence leadership style. The research suggests that the transformational leadership style is established on deontological ethics whereas transactional leadership is based on teleologic al ethics. Leader values and transformational/ transactional leadership suggest that a divergent set of ethical values servesRead MoreRelationship Between School Results And School Leadership945 Words   |  4 Pagesleading advocates of usage of ethics and/or moral principles in the school administration. Sergiovanni (1986) and Starratt (1991) disseminated their adoption of moral and ethical perspectives to educational school leadership theory in their respective works, Moral Leadership: Getting to the Heart of School Improvement and â€Å"Building an Ethical School: A theory for Practice in Educational Leadership.† The following is further arguments of the significance of an ethical lens to school leadership andRead MoreEthical Ethics And Ethical Issues1180 Words   |  5 PagesEthical issues in organizations are inevitable and are always on the horizon. These ethical concerns can directly impact the overall health of an organization in both positive and negative aspects. In order to be prepared for the ethical issues that will arise and to create an organizational competitive advantage, an intentional focus and effective communication of the code of ethics must be incorporated as a part of strategic planning. Sherwin (1983) indicates the that the term ethics, â€Å"refers toRead MoreBusiness Ethics, Leadership, And Business Relationships972 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Ethics Samuel .A. Amah Columbia Southern University Abstract The reflection paper critically examines business ethics, leadership, and business relationships and how they are interrelated and contribute to an organization’s overall culture. Key highlights include; the impact of trade relationships within an origination, how different leadership style affect ethical practices, effects of ethics on the overall culture of an organization, writers approach to business ethics and theRead MoreEthics And Morality Are The Same Thing812 Words   |  4 PagesWhen discussing ethics, people often think ethics and morality are the same thing. But in order to understand ethical leadership, it can be beneficial to view these two concepts differently. One of the most important ethical philosophers of modern times has been John Rawls, who made a clear distinction between comprehensive moral systems and less comprehensive systems. The distinction can help better understand the idea of ethical leadership. To Rawls, the two differ in the following manner: †¢ ComprehensiveRead MoreHow Ethics Affects Business Relationships Within An Organization Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pages Business ethics, business relationships and leadership make immense contribution towards influencing an organization’s overall existing culture. They all play a key role in an organization s development, success, and achievement through various aspects. There are numerous ways in which business ethics, business relationships, and business leadership affect an organization’s culture. These impacts can have either positive or negative repercussions. Some of the ways through which the business culture

Bullying-Literary Review Free Essays

The literary review looks at different aspects related to the research topic. The first part of the chapter looks at defining and identifying key aspects of bullying. It looks at the general occurrence of bullying and the researches that indicate the extent of bullying in the different parts of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Bullying-Literary Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now The section then dwells on the different types of bullying and how it can affect the individuals involved. One of the key aspects of bullying in the modern world, cyber bullying is also treated in this section. The different characteristics and elements involved in bullying are treated to understand the phenomenon of bullying. The section then looks at the different theories that could explain the bullying behaviour. An important section of this section is the role of teachers in overall bullying scenario. It also discusses the different intervention methods currently used. The second section of chapter deals with the second aspect of bullying, namely, empathy. It looks at the definition and historical evolution of empathy. It also looks at the aspects related to the definition and how it is differentiated from other similar terms often used. The section also looks into the use of empathy in related fields of healthcare. The section specifically looks that researches done on the relationship between bullying and empathy as well. The section finally looks at empathy in relation to teachers. Bullying Defining bullying Smith, P. K. et al (2000) defines bullying as a form of antisocial behaviour that is found in schools, neighbourhoods and homes. Olweus, D. (1986, 1993) defines being bullied or victimized as the following: â€Å"A person is bullied when he or she is exposed repeatedly and over time to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons†. Olweus adds the negative and harmful factor of bullying to the definition. Richter, N. (2005) defines bullying in the following way: â€Å"A bully is a person who hurts or browbeats those who are weaker. Browbeat means to intimidate with harsh, stern looks and talk†. American Medical Association defines bullying as a negative behaviour that involves a pattern of repeated aggression against the victim, deliberate intent to harm or disturb despite apparent distress of the victim and a real or perceived imbalance of power with the more powerful individual or group attacking a physically or psychologically vulnerable victim. Richter and AMA add the factor of imbalance of power to the definition of bullying. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines bullying as psychiatric disorder that is characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behaviour in which either the basic rights of the victim is violated. The phenomenon of bullying is characterised by three major aspects: (1) An aggressive behaviour or intentional behaviour to bring harm (2) It is carried out repeatedly and over time, (3) the inter-personal relationship is characterized by an imbalance of power. Often bullying is found to happen without any apparent provocation. Hence bullying can be considered as a form of abuse. This is mainly at a peer level and can be termed as a peer abuse. The Prevalence of Bullying Bullying among the children is found to typically occur at school or during their way to the school. As children do not have an option of changing the environment by not being in the school, most of them are unable to avoid bullying. A study conducted by US Department of Education and Justice in 1999 indicated that almost 1 million students (4%) who are aged between 12 and 18 years reported fear of being attacked or harmed in the school vicinity. About 5% reported that they avoided one or more places in the school wile 13% reported that they were targets of language of hate. The National Threat Assessment Center found that more than two thirds of the attackers involved in 37 shootings did the attack for taking revenge for incidents in their lives when they felt persecuted, bullied, threatened, attacked or injured by others. It was found that exposure to bullying at school played a major role in motivating most of the perpetrators to take up violence. (AMA, 2002) Studies conducted by Olweus in Norway and Sweden with 150,000 students who are from grades one to nine indicated that 15% of the students reported of being involved in bully or victim problems several times within a three to five month period. About 9 percentage of the students reported that they had been bullied by their peers several times and about 7 percentage of the students indicated that they bullied others. About 2 percentage of students reported that they were bullied as well as they bullied other students. Studies in Europe and United States have indicated higher level of bullying among the children and the youth. In a study that involved 6,500 students who are between the 4th grade and the 6th grade in South Carolina, about 23 percentage of the students reported of being bullied several times during the three months and 9 percent reported of being victim of very frequent bullying, which was qualified as once a week or more. About one in five reported that they bully other students several times during the period of the study. A study conducted by Nansel with representation of about 15,600 students from 6th to 10th grades provided similar results. Seventeen percent of the students studied indicated that they bullied sometimes during the school term and 19 percent reported bullying others more often. Six percent of the full sample reported both bullying and having been bullied. Many studied have found that the rates of bullying decrease steadily through the elementary grades such as the study conducted by Melton, Nansel shows. A study conducted by Olweus on about 10,000 Norwegian studies indicated that the rates of victimisation were twice as high among the 4th grade students when compared to the 10th grade. Nansel found that about one quarter of the students in the 6th grade reported being bullied during the current school term which was less than one tenth of the 10th graders. (AMA, 2002) How to cite Bullying-Literary Review, Papers

Entrepreneurship Theory and Research †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship Theory and Research. Answer: Introduction: The main purpose of the development of the network solution for the biomedical development company is to accommodate the future growth of the organization management and increase the efficiency of the current network infrastructure. The current network infrastructure of the organization is outdated and new technologies are required to be applied for supporting the new devices connected in the network and increase the security of the network. The security of the network is required to be strong as remote logging is required to be enabled in the network for accessing the network resources. A new network solution is required to be implemented and the recent technologies can be used such that the network can serve the needs of the organization for the upcoming five years. The network is required to be modern an support videoconferencing, WLAN, etc. Business Goals: To increase the productivity of the employees and more computers and virtual machines are required to be installed The network is required to be configured with remote accessibility such that the employees can access the network from remote location The security of the network is required to be strong that the unauthroised personnel cannot have the access of the network. To increase the data transmission speed and avoid congestion in the network during the peak hours Technical Goals: To configure the router with ACL and access control list and add authorization to the PCs and users to access the particular network component management. To configure the firewall to block unknown request and secure the network To secure the wireless access point with the application of encryption algorithm To make the network always available for the user. Various community of Users and their level of priority The main user of the network are the software developers, web designers and the business employees. The software programmer and the web designer works on the first building and the second building consists of the business employees and the technical department. The user of the current network framework can be categorized into different types such as: Heavy Users and Moderate Users. Heavy users- this type of users are the software and the web development team and they uses hungry application generating a huge number of request and data in the network. A separate VLAN is required to be allocated to this users such that network congestion is avoided. This users needs printing frequently and can cause congestion in the network. Moderate Users- This type of users uses moderate applications and have minimum printing request and thus more number of users can be allocated to the VLAN created for the moderate users. Remote Access Requirement A VPN connection is required to be created for connecting the remote users with the organizational network and increasing the efficiency of the current framework of the organization. The VPN is required to be connected using a firewall and business rules are used for configuring the firewall and block unauthroised access. The employees needs mobility support for the network and connect their own devices using the wireless access point installed in the network. Using the wireless network of the organization the employees can transfer different files and reduce the software development time. The network is developed with a less response time and proper cabling plan is required to be used for supporting large amount of transmission. Cisco 1941 series routers are used and there is no wireless access point installed in the network for connecting the smartphones or tablets in the network. The first building consists of the software developer and the web designer and a huge amount of traffic is generated from the building and thus there is a requirement of developing the network to reduce congestion and handle the request of the user efficiently. Layer 2 switches are used for connecting the devices and Ethernet cable of 1000Bt are used that have UTP gigabyte support. Cat 6 cables are used for connecting the network resources and act as the backbone connection of the network and support larger bandwidth for increasing the efficiency and reduce the collision of the data packets. The heavy users uses machines with high end support for applications and faster processor with multiple cores. Different community of user uses different hardware setup for coding, designing or processing. Thus for the development of the network proper hardware device is required to be selected. The standard users uses a machine of medium processing capability, larger memory and high resolution support. Analysis of the existing network A logical and a physical network diagram is created for the network and it is required to be configured with appropriate networking protocols for handling the request from the users. The existing is required to be improved for the accommodation of the more number of nodes and workstation in the office. The existing solution uses a Hub for transferring of the data packets and it is required to be replaced with switches and routers for increasing the efficiency of the solution. The existing network have lots of scope of improvement, there is a requirement of implementation of the wireless access point on the current network framework for the improvement of the system. Conclusions The wireless access point installed in the network are secured and WPA/ PSK2 is applied for securing the wireless access point and prevent unauthroised personnel to use the network. A huge number of request is required to be handled by the proposed network solution and the wireless access point is required to be secured with strong encryption algorithm for increasing the security of the proposed solution. The network backbone is required to be changed from cat 6 to fiber optics such that a huge number of request and data packets can be transferred in the network. The VPN tunneling is also used for providing remote connectivity of the employees and it is connected via a firewall for increasing the security of the proposed network solution. Thus the report is prepared for creating a proposal for the new network solution and resolve the issue of compatibility of the hardware connected in the network. Bibliography Freeman, R.L., 2015.Telecommunication system engineering(Vol. 82). John Wiley Sons. Kripalani, S.H., Commvault Systems, Inc., 2015.Automatic identification of storage requirements, such as for use in selling data storage management solutions. U.S. Patent 9,021,452. Lazzeroni, J.J., Carevich, M.K., Vertz, J.D., Hauser, P.E.H. and Kingston, S.J., 2016.Simultaneous voice and audio traffic between two devices on a wireless personal-area network. U.S. Patent 9,398,620. Mazalan, L., Hamdan, S.S.S., Masudi, N., Hashim, H., Rahman, R.A., Tahir, N.M., Zaini, N.M., Rosli, R. and Omar, H.A., 2013, November. Throughput analysis of LAN and WAN network based on socket buffer length using JPerf. InControl System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE), 2013 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 621-625). IEEE. Nadji, Y., Dagon, D., Antonakakis, M. and Joffe, R., 2016, September. Enabling Network Security Through Active DNS Datasets. InResearch in Attacks, Intrusions, and Defenses: 19th International Symposium, RAID 2016, Paris, France, September 19-21, 2016, Proceedings(Vol. 9854, p. 188). Springer. Partanen, J., Chetty, S.K. and Rajala, A., 2014. Innovation types and network relationships.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(5), pp.1027-1055. Rogasch, N.C. and Fitzgerald, P.B., 2013. Assessing cortical network properties using TMSEEG.Human brain mapping,34(7), pp.1652-1669. Roka, R., 2012.Fixed transmission media. INTECH Open Access Publisher. Tang, Q.Y. and Zhang, C.X., 2013. Data Processing System (DPS) software with experimental design, statistical analysis and data mining developed for use in entomological research.Insect Science,20(2), pp.254-260. Thaler, D., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A. and Chown, T., 2012.Default address selection for internet protocol version 6 (IPv6)(No. RFC 6724). Willars, P., Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (Publ), 2012.Priority bearers in a mobile telecommunication network. U.S. Patent 8,300,575. Yang, X., Zhou, M. and Cao, J., 2013, April. Synchronization in array of coupled neural networks with unbounded distributed delay and limited transmission efficiency. InAbstract and Applied Analysis(Vol. 2013). Hindawi Publishing Corporation.

Aikido Essays - Aikido, D, Aiki, Japanese Martial Arts, Ki Society

Aikido Aikido is a Japanese martial art currently practiced throughout the world. Behind the powerful catapulting throws and immobilizing locks and pins of Aikido lie some very simple principles: remove yourself from the direct line of your enemy's attack, and through the absorption and deflection of the force of the attack, your enemy is taken out of balance and defeated by the energy of his or her own aggression. Aikido does not use strength against strength, but stresses body and mind relaxation to direct the opponent's force away. Because its main purpose is not to take the offensive in injuring or harming the opponent, Aikido has often been called a "nonviolent" martial art. In daily practice, the student of Aikido seeks to achieve the firmness, stability, sobriety and elegance which make Aikido on e of the most powerful and beautiful ways of artistic expression, while conserving its potential as one of the most devastating offers of self-defense. Aikido may be practiced by all people regardless of age, sex, religion, or previous athletic ability. Systematic Aikido practice leads to increased aerobic capacity and to overall body conditioning through both flexibility and strength training. General Philosophy of Aikido Aikido makes extensive use of the concept of ki. Aikido is one of the more spiritual martial arts and has been referred to as ?moving Zen'. The name Aikido can be translated as ?the way of harmony of ki'. Exactly what ki ?is' is a somewhat controversial issue. Some believe that the physical entity ki simply does not exist. Instead, the spirit, the intention, the bio-physico-psychological coordination through relaxation and awareness are concepts being used in the teaching. One must first learn to control oneself before attempting to harmonize and control others. Without a good balance and control of oneself, one can neither avoid an attack nor apply an effective technique on others. It is through self-control that one can learn to enjoy a harmonious way of life. "Ai"- come together or to harmonize "ki"- the spirit of the universe' "Do"- the way Ki Ki is the force behind all things. Everything in the universe has Ki. Ki is the essence of our world. It is the basis of all matter, every phenomenon, emotion, sense, direction, will, consciousness and conscience. Ki is also an energy which can be very useful in our daily lives when used properly. Ki is our life force which keeps us alive. Ki is the binding force of our mind and body. We can be very efficient if we unify our mind and body. However, it is rather difficult to maintain the oneness of mind and body throughout our daily lives without something to bind them together. As electricity keeps the computer and the robot working together, Ki keeps the mind and the body working in oneness. Oneness In order to harmonize with the laws of nature, we must first learn to develop and maintain the right attitude of training. We must always keep the attitude of becoming one with every situation. This is an attitude of respect for all things at all times. Regardless of the situation, friend or foe, one must always be ready to harmonize. The right attitude greatly affects the efficiency of the action. It is not how strong, but rather how correct you are that counts. This concept of oneness will make it possible for anyone regardless of age or sex to perform the arts efficiently. 4 Keys to Body and Mind Unity 1. Calmly let your mind settle at an imaginary point about two inches below the navel. 2. Relax your enire body to the point where you are able to maintain complete control of yourself by keeping calmness of mind and body between tenseness and limpness. 3. Naturally allow the gravitational pull to settle your entire body down to where it should settle. 4. To think positively and be ready for action with a calm and flexible mind without referring to excessive physical strength. A positive attitude toward life.

In Othello Shakespeare explores the nature of social prejudice Essay Example

In Othello Shakespeare explores the nature of social prejudice Essay Example In Othello Shakespeare explores the nature of social prejudice Paper In Othello Shakespeare explores the nature of social prejudice Paper Although Shakespeare does display the unusual trait of empathy towards societys outcasts; most of society at that time was plagued by social prejudice. However, prejudice in itself is a loose term for it simply refers to bigotry. Thus, it provides a rather extensive category to examine, for instance, in Othello racism is the most prevalent form of prejudice, yet misogyny and intellectual prejudice is also apparent. Instead, its the social aspect of the phrase that narrows the focus down a little as now it is apparent that the prejudice is not confined to any particular person, the problem being of course, that the only way for Shakespeare to portray such prejudices is through the medium of individuals. Those with a higher status within society are generally perceived to be those who are the most cautious with their views, yet Brabantio demonstrates no notion of restraint when Othello enchants Desdemona and marries her. In fact, Brabantios prejudices are conveyed in quite a brazen and passionate manner as he contrasts the thief of Othello with the delicate youth of Desdemona. Through this contrasting imagery, Shakespeare highlights that Brabantio believes Othello to be at fault and given rational mind, Desdemona would never have opted for marriage. This is quite an emphatic demonstration of racism, as Brabantio clearly believes that Othello stole Desdemona as opposed to Desdemona mutually agreeing to the marriage, a concept that is further emphasised by the constant references to the chains of magic that were used be Othello to capture his victim. In Shakespearian times, it was feared that Africans held the power of black magic and had the ability to manipulate the world around them, therefore Shakespeare here just utilises a common stereotype to engage the audience (at that time) with Brabantios viewpoint. Brabantio even goes as far as labelling Othello as an abuser of the world thus implicating him with crimes beyond what he has apparently committed towards his daughter. This perception is of course, completely irrational and perhaps fuelled slightly by the abruptness of the marriage, although that is not really an excuse given the fact that Brabantio, loved me [Othello], oft invited me, which shows that Brabantio has no qualms with Othellos personality, meaning that the only true reasoning behind his abhorrence towards the marriage is the colour of Othellos skin. However, Brabantio takes the racism one step beyond the realms of stereotypical racism, he actually denounces Othellos status in full: Of such a thing as thou Brabantio goes from despising the values that Othellos skin colour stands for, to not even perceiving Othello as human. Whilst Desdemona is placed on a pedestal as a maid so tender, fair, and happy, Othello is no longer recognised as being in the same world as Desdemona. Instead, by being dehumanised, Othello is released of all the characteristics present in a human and thus, capable of even greater evil. This of course, suits Brabantios bigoted view of Othello and provides Brabantio with an excuse to further condemn the sham of a marriage and disregard it as the iniquitous works of a sub-human being as opposed to a human capable of caring for his daughter. Shakespeare further embellishes this already extreme prejudice by the tone of Brabantio. The contrast between the calm and measured style of Othello and the angry hysterics of Brabantio is striking, and effectively portrays Othello as the rational and approachable character, whilst highlighting the lunacy that can so often accompany prejudice through the depiction of Brabantio and his frenzied speech. Christopher Wilson wrote how the use of commas in fact serves to increase the pace of Brabantios speech and thus, intensify the passion and anger that guides him through his thought processes. I therefore apprehend and do attach thee Brabantio has now taken it upon himself to act as the judge and the jury. Here the social aspect of social prejudice is being shown as it could be construed as a subtle dig by Shakespeare towards how societys governed by the prejudice. Considering the rational judgement of the Duke later though, this seems rather unlikely. Instead, Shakespeare could merely be emphasising how these views are unfortunately representative of society as a whole at that time, and thus, the prejudice becomes a social prejudice as opposed to just the execrable bigotry of an individual. To vouch this is no proof The Duke, who is the true figure of authority, puts Brabantio in his place by establishing the need for proof. This shows the Duke as an impartial and deliberative man, someone who is not swayed by emotional propaganda, but bases his views on the facts that are put in front of him. Consequently, he is able to detach himself from the emotional mania that is fuelled by Brabantio and delivers a verdict that is free of prejudice (free of his own prejudice and the prejudice that has been encouraged by other characters). The fact that the Duke is the figure of authority could also be argued as demonstrating the lack of social prejudice for in the end, society (epitomised by the Duke) acts in a rational and composed manner, proving that the prejudices of the individual is ultimately futile. In addition to all this, there is another form of prejudice present in the scene besides that of racism. Misogyny is highlighted by the absence of a womans voice, in other words, the absence of Desdemona. It is perhaps little surprise to find that the person who does eventually ask for a womans input is that of the accused, the man who is the actual victim of prejudice in Othello. I do beseech you send for the lady to the Sagittary, up until this point, the notion of asking for Desdemonas version of events has not even been considered. This is perhaps indicative of the role of women in society back then, where they were secondary to men and thus, were not considered to be useful when dealing with issues such as this one, despite being involved. This is Shakespeare depicting prejudice subtly, for nothing is actually said that is specifically derogatory towards women, but the absence of women does highlight the arrogance of men in society as well as showing that the most objective people were often the victims of prejudice themselves, like Othello in this instance. Tis such another fitchew! Marry a perfumed one. Another prejudice is present here as Bianca is regarded with contempt by Cassio, the very person who she sleeps with. Prostitutes have always had a lower status in society for the sordid lives that they lead. No one in Othello appears to be quite as poorly regarded as Bianca as highlighted by the fact that even Emilia berates Bianca. Biancas wish appears to be to marry Cassio, yet he does not even consider the possibility. Furthermore, Cassio refers to Bianca as a fitchew, which conjures up the image of a polecat, which is widely known for its rank odour and lechery. In addition to this, Cassio states how Bianca is haunting him, something which creates the unsavoury image of a stalker and compliments the bestial image of a fitchew. This is clearly a blatant use of hyperbole on Cassios part, although it is successful in emphasising the derision that Bianca is regarded with, and thus accentuating the prejudice in society towards prostitutes. Unfortunately, this sort of prejudice has not improved by much throughout the years, although a modern audience is more likely to sympathise with Bianca than a Shakespearian audience. The most flagrant display of prejudices, somewhat ironically, comes from the subtlety of Iagos persuasive approach. The purveyor of the injustice in the play is unsurprisingly the centre of the prejudice too, yet unlike Brabantio, Cassio or the others, he usually demonstrates this in a far more subtle way (apart from when referring to Othello as a barbary horse and other equally detestable images that were created to convince Brabantio of Othellos guilt). I would not have your free and noble nature out of self-bounty, be abused. Although not a direct indication of prejudice as it as an example of Iago flattering Othello, it still shows the contempt with which Iago regards Othello. Previously, Iago had alluded to Othello as free and open, in other words, gullible. Yet, he now uses it to flatter him and it allows him to lead on and remind Othello of his foreign heritage (I know our country disposition well. ) Othello obviously believes that Iago is doing this in his best interests, yet all these references have the undertones of prejudice. They all reflect what Iago had earlier said about Othello, albeit in a different context, and in my view, they thus represent a less blatant form of racism. Of course, the clearest forms of prejudice come when Iago confronts Brabantio about the truth; however, Shakespeare draws many parallels in what Iago says in that encounter and what he now says to Othello (but in a more subtle way). The fact that Othello begins to speak in a similar fashion to Iago and occasionally resorts to bestial imagery shows that Iagos prejudice is slightly contagious and could serve as a plague to society. Furthermore, Iago further displays prejudice views in his misogynistic attitude, which is especially displayed in his treatment of Emilia. To have a foolish wife is a hurtful enough comment to say in the privacy of the home, but to proclaim it in front of a small crowd is even more humiliating for Emilia. This unashamed display of deprecation is indicative of misogynistic views that Iago seemingly holds. Some critics actually support this interpretation as Iago is perceived by some in the literary community, to in fact be gay. There is no direct evidence to support this idea, but when, for example, Iago describes his dream about Cassio and Desdemona, there is some quite explicit images about Cassio, which perhaps suggest homosexual undertones. The greatest victim in the play is not Othello, but Desdemona. After all, she is the victim of a maliciously devious plot from Iago to destroy her life and the man she holds dearest to her. If anyone could be excused for being prejudice, it is arguably Desdemona. However, even when her trust has been betrayed and she has been murdered by her own husband, she still refuses to implicate Othello in the crime: Commend me to my kind lord. She is offered the opportunity to ensure that justice is served, but such is the compassion and love of her heart, she instead absolves him of his crimes. Of course, in reality such purity is an unrealistic expectation in life for no one can be that free of prejudice as to be able to forgive a person for such a large act of betrayal. Some critics have even interpreted this in a religious fashion by comparing Desdemona to Jesus as in death, Jesus forgives mankind for its sins, just as in death, Desdemona forgives Othello of his sins. Jesus is the only figure comparable to Desdemona for he too consistently acts in a caring manner, yet it could be argued that by preaching a doctrine that condemns sinners to hell, he is in effect, guilty of some form of prejudice. Thus, although I find it a little tenuous, it could be construed that Desdemona epitomises purity in its absolute form, in its most religiously clean form (her only act of lying, which admittedly is a sin, is to cleanse the soul of another through forgiveness). However, this interpretation also highlights the uniqueness of Desdemonas character. Due to her unparalleled lack of prejudice, Desdemona cannot be perceived as representing social prejudices but instead acting as a beacon against it. She is clearly an exception to society rather than the norm in society and by effectively symbolising the exact opposite of social prejudices, she highlights the fact that social prejudice is in fact present. Overall, there is little doubting that prejudice is rife in Othello and it is demonstrated by the language of several characters (Brabantio when speaking to Othello, Cassio when speaking about Bianca and Iago about almost every other character in the play). The social aspect of these prejudices is further emphasised by the use of common stereotypes at that time as well as the prevalence of prejudice in characters and also, the use of Brabantios status in society to show that the tendency of those in power to be driven by their attitudes. However, through the depiction of the Dukes calm resolve, the union of two races, and also Desdemonas incredible purity, Shakespeare does highlight that society is not solely governed by prejudice and also shows that it is possible for individuals to hold rational views separate from that of social prejudices.

To demonstrate how the field of 'globalisation studies'has moved on Annotated Bibliography

To demonstrate how the field of 'globalisation studies'has moved on - Annotated Bibliography Example In addition, Harvey reveals that such ideals are indeed seductive and compelling. To this end, he reiterates that the seductive ideal comes from individual freedom and its ability to captivate a high number of people. The author equally narrates the genesis of neoliberalism as from an international and domestic scale in the 1960’s. In addition, he elaborated how liberalism had failed. Consequently, Harvey narrates how neo-liberalism rose up as a solution to the crisis created by liberalism. The author also challenges the presumed neoliberal advantages. This is in evidently pertinent to the assumption that there is no substitute to neoliberal restructuring. To this end, the author blames neoliberization for the ‘creative destruction’ of powers, institutional frameworks, traditional state sovereignty, welfare provisions, social relations, reproductive functions, technological mixes and ways of life and ideals. Consequently, Harvey’s analysis of such shortcomi ngs is pertinent to the debates in neoliberal