The Role of the Institutional Review Board and the...

Several historical events played a vital role in what has evolved to how we conduct research today and just as important, how the participants of such research are shielded and protected against the consequences that may be experienced as a result of these studies. We live in a world that is continuously changing and as we move forward, it is past experiences that influence how things are done in the present, and what may become in the future. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) exists to protect research subjects and ensure their rights are safeguarded and protected. This paper will discuss the role of the IRB and the protection of human subjects, the dilemma of societal advancements versus its cost on human subjects and the role of leadership in the IRB. The Role of the IRB and the Protection of Human Subjects The IRB’s role is to protect human subjects and to hold researchers accountable for the way in which information is collected and utilized for research (Sontag, 2012). Research must undergo a formal review process, which for many researchers may appear to be onerous but necessary (Kennedy, 2005). What some scholars argue is the fact that IRB approval is still required for research on adults who are fully competent and willing to participate in the research. They suggest that it becomes burdensome on the researchers. Furthermore, they argue that if exempted from the review process, it may also free up time for the review board to be able to focus on research thatShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The Clinical Trials1584 Words   |  7 Pagesclinical trial subjects. Therefore, the Nuremberg Code was initiated in the year of 1949. However, this Code failed to protect the human subjects in clinical trials. Tuskegee syphilis trial was one of the few incidents that were exposed in front of the entire country. The regulatory agencies and the government then realized that there should be better regulations to protect the human subjects in the clinical trials. A series of codes and regulations were established to protect the subjects in the clinicalRead MoreIn Order To Ensure All Research Is Meeting Ethical Standards1529 Words   |  7 Pagesprotocol, an Internal Review Board (IRB) shall be established to monitor, review, and approve protocols for research studies. â€Å"Institutional review boards are charged with ensuring appropriate respect for research participants and ensuring that the risks participants face are justified† (Dorenberg,2016). The ethical guidelines involving human participants will follow the protocol established in the Belmont Report and comply with the Terms of Assurance for Protection of Human Subjects for Research InstitutionsRead MoreApplication Of Individual Voluntary Consent853 Words   |  4 Pagesformal education, lack of access to good quality health care services, and in some circumstances, diverse values, knowledges of health and illness. HIV research in developing countries has caused in amplified arguments of ethical concerns, mainly the subject of the quality of informed consent. The ethical dilemmas in the standards of informed consent applied by research institutions and pharmaceutical companies of HIV clinical trials in developing countries will be discussed. 2. Vulnerability and InformedRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Effects On Society1393 Words   |  6 Pagesanimal studies are necessary compared to clinical trials has been a debatable topic among society. For over a decade, animal research has served as a fundamental component in many medical findings. Mousses are commonly used in laboratories, as we as humans share nearly 95% of our genes, making them a useful and efficient model for the assistance of discovering medications used today (Grant, 2017). Bench studies should continue to be practiced by researchers as long as it is followed out in a humaneRead More10 Principles Regaarding Ethical Clinic and Set of Guidelines on Clinical Research1071 Words   |  5 Pagesprinciples regarding ethical clinical research on human being (Grodin, 1994). It is mainly for protection of subjects’ human right (Shuster, 1997), such as compulsory of informed consent and the equal authority of subjects as the physician-researcher to end the e xperiment. 1.2 Helsinki Declaration (1964) Helsinki Declaration is a set of guidelines on clinical research for physician as their responsibility toward protection of their research subjects (Williams, 2008). World Medical Association (WMA)Read MoreEthical Consideration For Human Subjects1047 Words   |  5 Pagesethical consideration for human participants has been called into question. Between 1920-1970 many ethical guidelines were put into place to ensure researchers were conducting experiments safety, ethically, and fairly. Out of all the experiments that took place within this time frame, a few stand out. These cases were groundbreaking for ethical treatment within the scope of research done on human subjects. The turning point for ethical consideration for human subjects came in 1947. After the horrificRead MoreEssay about Ethical Standards in Research2843 Words   |  12 PagesNot only are the participants or the researcher considered, but other parties that may be indirectly involved should be considered as well. The third ethical concept is respect for persons (Lindorff, 2010). This concept requests for respect and protection towards individuals’ rights. Obtaining consent from participants requires researchers to respect individuals and provide the participants with all the facts so that their consent is willing and voluntary. This practice is particularly hard toRead MoreResearch and Healthcare Statistics1353 Words   |  6 Pages A research study could be in one of three different phases. Phase I test the effects and dosage of a new drug on patients. This phase requires a smaller number of participants usually fewer than 100. This phase studies effects of therapy on humans and determines if a drug is safe enough to continue research. Phase II test determines effectiveness of treatment by studying how it affects specific a specific condition. Phase II may be a blinded study where some participants receive the drugRead MoreThe Belmont Report8852 Words   |  36 PagesCongress established the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research in 1974. The National Commission was charged with: †¢ Identifying the ethical principles to guide all research involving human subjects †¢ Developing guidelines for the conduct of ethical research involving human subjects The Belmont Report identified three principles essential to the ethical conduct of research with humans: †¢ Respect for persons †¢ Beneficence †¢ Justice Read MoreI Am Preparing My Career Path For Higher Education793 Words   |  4 Pagesfor higher education in the future, I have come to the realization that higher learning is the key to better tomorrow and leaders are not born, they are made. Leaders are people who truly understand themselves and recognize the various elements of human nature. Communication is the most indicative trait of an effective leader because if a leader can empower followers to comprehend precisely the message, production and success are the results. I also learned that by taking these courses on higher

The Ethics Of An Ethical Leader - 1251 Words

As a child growing up I was taught how to differentiate between right and wrong. Those teaching have been the basis for how I conduct myself in my personal and professional life. I believe every person should be able to look at him or herself in the mirror and see an honest, ethical person looking back at them. At the end of the day, my philosophy on ethics is simply Integrity is doing the right thing, even if nobody is watching. By Jim Stovall, American author. What does it mean to be an ethical leader? As I reflect back on the teachings and readings in this course I have learned that as an ethical leader it is important to focus on what is right and to lead with integrity. Ethical leaders realize it begins with them and that they must project the values and they look to promote in others. An ethical leader honors commitments and expects the same from others. Maintains loyalty and willing to accept responsibility and apologize when necessary. (Russell) As an ethical leader, it is important to be relatable and establish trust by remaining consistent in all that they say and do. Demonstrate transparency by communicating in a timely manner. Have an understanding of the organizational culture while making sure everyone is treated with dignity and respect regardless of their backgrounds. Making sure the organization is in compliance and following the company’s code of ethics. Lastly, making clear to those they lead that ethics is a d ay-to-day business and the way thatShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of An Ethical Leader822 Words   |  4 PagesThe study of ethics is fundamental to leadership effectiveness. Human relationships, our being, and roles in society influence morality by right and wrong, good and evil, or just and unjust actions. As a human relationship, leadership hallmarks power, influence, vision, obligation, and responsibility (Ciulla, 2003). These attributes can undermine or contribute to the success of the ethical and effective leader in education. Power is defined as the capability or ability to direct or influenceRead MoreThe Five Business Ethics Myths Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesCommon Ethics Misconceptions Trevino Brown (2004) in Academy of Management Executives talked about the five business ethics myths. 1. It is easy to be ethical 2. Unethical behavior in business results from bad people 3. A formal code of ethics is the easiest way to manage them 4. Principled leadership revolves around your leaders 5. At one time, people appeared to be more ethical Pundits and business leaders say being ethical is straightforward when being ethical is complexRead MoreValues That Make An Ethical Business Leader972 Words   |  4 PagesThat Make an Ethical Business Leader Values and ethics are essential for any good business leader, but what exactly does it mean to have good values and ethics? Both are extremely broad terms, however they both are very relevant in business leaders. â€Å"Values can be defined as things that are important to or valued by someone. That someone can be an individual or an organization. Values determine what is right and what is wrong, and doing what is right or wrong is what defines ethics. To behave ethicallyRead MoreAnalysis of Leadership Ethics, by Lamar Odom 1176 Words   |  5 Pages Leadership ethics by Lamar Odom that basically examines whether doing the right thing is enough in leadership. The author examines this issue given that the behavior of leaders has been one of the most intriguing issues in today’s society and in order to provide insights on ethics in leadership. The title of the book provokes deeper thoughts in the minds of leaders even before they open the book to commence reading. The author of this book is a leadership and ethic consultant who has not onlyRead MoreThe Leader s Ethical Values Influence Leadership Style Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscovered that ethics and leadership style are correlated? The leaders come from various industries for instance, public, private, government, and non-profit/for-profit. The leader’s ethical values influence leadership style. The research suggests that the transformational leadership style is established on deontological ethics whereas transactional leadership is based on teleologic al ethics. Leader values and transformational/ transactional leadership suggest that a divergent set of ethical values servesRead MoreRelationship Between School Results And School Leadership945 Words   |  4 Pagesleading advocates of usage of ethics and/or moral principles in the school administration. Sergiovanni (1986) and Starratt (1991) disseminated their adoption of moral and ethical perspectives to educational school leadership theory in their respective works, Moral Leadership: Getting to the Heart of School Improvement and â€Å"Building an Ethical School: A theory for Practice in Educational Leadership.† The following is further arguments of the significance of an ethical lens to school leadership andRead MoreEthical Ethics And Ethical Issues1180 Words   |  5 PagesEthical issues in organizations are inevitable and are always on the horizon. These ethical concerns can directly impact the overall health of an organization in both positive and negative aspects. In order to be prepared for the ethical issues that will arise and to create an organizational competitive advantage, an intentional focus and effective communication of the code of ethics must be incorporated as a part of strategic planning. Sherwin (1983) indicates the that the term ethics, â€Å"refers toRead MoreBusiness Ethics, Leadership, And Business Relationships972 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Ethics Samuel .A. Amah Columbia Southern University Abstract The reflection paper critically examines business ethics, leadership, and business relationships and how they are interrelated and contribute to an organization’s overall culture. Key highlights include; the impact of trade relationships within an origination, how different leadership style affect ethical practices, effects of ethics on the overall culture of an organization, writers approach to business ethics and theRead MoreEthics And Morality Are The Same Thing812 Words   |  4 PagesWhen discussing ethics, people often think ethics and morality are the same thing. But in order to understand ethical leadership, it can be beneficial to view these two concepts differently. One of the most important ethical philosophers of modern times has been John Rawls, who made a clear distinction between comprehensive moral systems and less comprehensive systems. The distinction can help better understand the idea of ethical leadership. To Rawls, the two differ in the following manner: †¢ ComprehensiveRead MoreHow Ethics Affects Business Relationships Within An Organization Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pages Business ethics, business relationships and leadership make immense contribution towards influencing an organization’s overall existing culture. They all play a key role in an organization s development, success, and achievement through various aspects. There are numerous ways in which business ethics, business relationships, and business leadership affect an organization’s culture. These impacts can have either positive or negative repercussions. Some of the ways through which the business culture

Bullying-Literary Review Free Essays

The literary review looks at different aspects related to the research topic. The first part of the chapter looks at defining and identifying key aspects of bullying. It looks at the general occurrence of bullying and the researches that indicate the extent of bullying in the different parts of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Bullying-Literary Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now The section then dwells on the different types of bullying and how it can affect the individuals involved. One of the key aspects of bullying in the modern world, cyber bullying is also treated in this section. The different characteristics and elements involved in bullying are treated to understand the phenomenon of bullying. The section then looks at the different theories that could explain the bullying behaviour. An important section of this section is the role of teachers in overall bullying scenario. It also discusses the different intervention methods currently used. The second section of chapter deals with the second aspect of bullying, namely, empathy. It looks at the definition and historical evolution of empathy. It also looks at the aspects related to the definition and how it is differentiated from other similar terms often used. The section also looks into the use of empathy in related fields of healthcare. The section specifically looks that researches done on the relationship between bullying and empathy as well. The section finally looks at empathy in relation to teachers. Bullying Defining bullying Smith, P. K. et al (2000) defines bullying as a form of antisocial behaviour that is found in schools, neighbourhoods and homes. Olweus, D. (1986, 1993) defines being bullied or victimized as the following: â€Å"A person is bullied when he or she is exposed repeatedly and over time to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons†. Olweus adds the negative and harmful factor of bullying to the definition. Richter, N. (2005) defines bullying in the following way: â€Å"A bully is a person who hurts or browbeats those who are weaker. Browbeat means to intimidate with harsh, stern looks and talk†. American Medical Association defines bullying as a negative behaviour that involves a pattern of repeated aggression against the victim, deliberate intent to harm or disturb despite apparent distress of the victim and a real or perceived imbalance of power with the more powerful individual or group attacking a physically or psychologically vulnerable victim. Richter and AMA add the factor of imbalance of power to the definition of bullying. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines bullying as psychiatric disorder that is characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behaviour in which either the basic rights of the victim is violated. The phenomenon of bullying is characterised by three major aspects: (1) An aggressive behaviour or intentional behaviour to bring harm (2) It is carried out repeatedly and over time, (3) the inter-personal relationship is characterized by an imbalance of power. Often bullying is found to happen without any apparent provocation. Hence bullying can be considered as a form of abuse. This is mainly at a peer level and can be termed as a peer abuse. The Prevalence of Bullying Bullying among the children is found to typically occur at school or during their way to the school. As children do not have an option of changing the environment by not being in the school, most of them are unable to avoid bullying. A study conducted by US Department of Education and Justice in 1999 indicated that almost 1 million students (4%) who are aged between 12 and 18 years reported fear of being attacked or harmed in the school vicinity. About 5% reported that they avoided one or more places in the school wile 13% reported that they were targets of language of hate. The National Threat Assessment Center found that more than two thirds of the attackers involved in 37 shootings did the attack for taking revenge for incidents in their lives when they felt persecuted, bullied, threatened, attacked or injured by others. It was found that exposure to bullying at school played a major role in motivating most of the perpetrators to take up violence. (AMA, 2002) Studies conducted by Olweus in Norway and Sweden with 150,000 students who are from grades one to nine indicated that 15% of the students reported of being involved in bully or victim problems several times within a three to five month period. About 9 percentage of the students reported that they had been bullied by their peers several times and about 7 percentage of the students indicated that they bullied others. About 2 percentage of students reported that they were bullied as well as they bullied other students. Studies in Europe and United States have indicated higher level of bullying among the children and the youth. In a study that involved 6,500 students who are between the 4th grade and the 6th grade in South Carolina, about 23 percentage of the students reported of being bullied several times during the three months and 9 percent reported of being victim of very frequent bullying, which was qualified as once a week or more. About one in five reported that they bully other students several times during the period of the study. A study conducted by Nansel with representation of about 15,600 students from 6th to 10th grades provided similar results. Seventeen percent of the students studied indicated that they bullied sometimes during the school term and 19 percent reported bullying others more often. Six percent of the full sample reported both bullying and having been bullied. Many studied have found that the rates of bullying decrease steadily through the elementary grades such as the study conducted by Melton, Nansel shows. A study conducted by Olweus on about 10,000 Norwegian studies indicated that the rates of victimisation were twice as high among the 4th grade students when compared to the 10th grade. Nansel found that about one quarter of the students in the 6th grade reported being bullied during the current school term which was less than one tenth of the 10th graders. (AMA, 2002) How to cite Bullying-Literary Review, Papers

Entrepreneurship Theory and Research †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship Theory and Research. Answer: Introduction: The main purpose of the development of the network solution for the biomedical development company is to accommodate the future growth of the organization management and increase the efficiency of the current network infrastructure. The current network infrastructure of the organization is outdated and new technologies are required to be applied for supporting the new devices connected in the network and increase the security of the network. The security of the network is required to be strong as remote logging is required to be enabled in the network for accessing the network resources. A new network solution is required to be implemented and the recent technologies can be used such that the network can serve the needs of the organization for the upcoming five years. The network is required to be modern an support videoconferencing, WLAN, etc. Business Goals: To increase the productivity of the employees and more computers and virtual machines are required to be installed The network is required to be configured with remote accessibility such that the employees can access the network from remote location The security of the network is required to be strong that the unauthroised personnel cannot have the access of the network. To increase the data transmission speed and avoid congestion in the network during the peak hours Technical Goals: To configure the router with ACL and access control list and add authorization to the PCs and users to access the particular network component management. To configure the firewall to block unknown request and secure the network To secure the wireless access point with the application of encryption algorithm To make the network always available for the user. Various community of Users and their level of priority The main user of the network are the software developers, web designers and the business employees. The software programmer and the web designer works on the first building and the second building consists of the business employees and the technical department. The user of the current network framework can be categorized into different types such as: Heavy Users and Moderate Users. Heavy users- this type of users are the software and the web development team and they uses hungry application generating a huge number of request and data in the network. A separate VLAN is required to be allocated to this users such that network congestion is avoided. This users needs printing frequently and can cause congestion in the network. Moderate Users- This type of users uses moderate applications and have minimum printing request and thus more number of users can be allocated to the VLAN created for the moderate users. Remote Access Requirement A VPN connection is required to be created for connecting the remote users with the organizational network and increasing the efficiency of the current framework of the organization. The VPN is required to be connected using a firewall and business rules are used for configuring the firewall and block unauthroised access. The employees needs mobility support for the network and connect their own devices using the wireless access point installed in the network. Using the wireless network of the organization the employees can transfer different files and reduce the software development time. The network is developed with a less response time and proper cabling plan is required to be used for supporting large amount of transmission. Cisco 1941 series routers are used and there is no wireless access point installed in the network for connecting the smartphones or tablets in the network. The first building consists of the software developer and the web designer and a huge amount of traffic is generated from the building and thus there is a requirement of developing the network to reduce congestion and handle the request of the user efficiently. Layer 2 switches are used for connecting the devices and Ethernet cable of 1000Bt are used that have UTP gigabyte support. Cat 6 cables are used for connecting the network resources and act as the backbone connection of the network and support larger bandwidth for increasing the efficiency and reduce the collision of the data packets. The heavy users uses machines with high end support for applications and faster processor with multiple cores. Different community of user uses different hardware setup for coding, designing or processing. Thus for the development of the network proper hardware device is required to be selected. The standard users uses a machine of medium processing capability, larger memory and high resolution support. Analysis of the existing network A logical and a physical network diagram is created for the network and it is required to be configured with appropriate networking protocols for handling the request from the users. The existing is required to be improved for the accommodation of the more number of nodes and workstation in the office. The existing solution uses a Hub for transferring of the data packets and it is required to be replaced with switches and routers for increasing the efficiency of the solution. The existing network have lots of scope of improvement, there is a requirement of implementation of the wireless access point on the current network framework for the improvement of the system. Conclusions The wireless access point installed in the network are secured and WPA/ PSK2 is applied for securing the wireless access point and prevent unauthroised personnel to use the network. A huge number of request is required to be handled by the proposed network solution and the wireless access point is required to be secured with strong encryption algorithm for increasing the security of the proposed solution. The network backbone is required to be changed from cat 6 to fiber optics such that a huge number of request and data packets can be transferred in the network. The VPN tunneling is also used for providing remote connectivity of the employees and it is connected via a firewall for increasing the security of the proposed network solution. Thus the report is prepared for creating a proposal for the new network solution and resolve the issue of compatibility of the hardware connected in the network. 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InResearch in Attacks, Intrusions, and Defenses: 19th International Symposium, RAID 2016, Paris, France, September 19-21, 2016, Proceedings(Vol. 9854, p. 188). Springer. Partanen, J., Chetty, S.K. and Rajala, A., 2014. Innovation types and network relationships.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(5), pp.1027-1055. Rogasch, N.C. and Fitzgerald, P.B., 2013. Assessing cortical network properties using TMSEEG.Human brain mapping,34(7), pp.1652-1669. Roka, R., 2012.Fixed transmission media. INTECH Open Access Publisher. Tang, Q.Y. and Zhang, C.X., 2013. Data Processing System (DPS) software with experimental design, statistical analysis and data mining developed for use in entomological research.Insect Science,20(2), pp.254-260. Thaler, D., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A. and Chown, T., 2012.Default address selection for internet protocol version 6 (IPv6)(No. RFC 6724). Willars, P., Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (Publ), 2012.Priority bearers in a mobile telecommunication network. U.S. Patent 8,300,575. Yang, X., Zhou, M. and Cao, J., 2013, April. Synchronization in array of coupled neural networks with unbounded distributed delay and limited transmission efficiency. InAbstract and Applied Analysis(Vol. 2013). Hindawi Publishing Corporation.